Thisbookpresentsaradicallynewapproachofhowsocietiescanbringcorruptionundercontrol.Sincethelate1990s,thedetrimentaleffectsofcorruptiontohumanwell-beinghavebecomewellestablishedinresearch.Thishasresultedinastarkincreaseinanti-corruptionprogramslaunchedbyinternationalorganizationssuchastheWorldBank,theAfricanUnion,theEU,aswellasmanynationaldevelopmentorganizations.Despitetheseefforts,evaluationsoftheeffectsoftheseanti-corruptionprogramshavebeendisappointing.Asitcanbemeasured,itisdifficulttofindsubstantialeffectsfromsuchanti-corruptionprograms.Theargumentinthisbookisthatthishugepolicyfailurecanbeexplainedbythreefactors.Firstly,itarguesthatthecorruptionproblemhasbeenpoorlyconceptualizedsincewhatshouldcountastheoppositeofcorruptionhasbeenleftout.Secondly,theproblemhasbeenlocatedinthewrongsocialspaces.Itisneitheraculturalnoralegalproblem.Instead,itisforthemostpartlocatedinwhatorganizationtheorydefinesasthe’standardoperatingprocedures’insocialorganizations.Thirdly,thegeneraltheorythathasdominatedanti-corruptionefforts--theprincipal-agenttheory--isbasedonseriousmisspecificationofthebasicnatureoftheproblem.Thebookpresentsareconceptualizationofcorruptionandanewtheory--drawingonthetraditionofthesocialcontract-toexplainitandmotivatepoliciesofhowtogetcorruptionundercontrol.Severalempiricalcasesservetounderpinthisnewtheoryrangingfromthehistoricalorganizationofreligiouspracticestospecificsocialpolicies,universaleducation,genderequality,andauditing.Combined,theseamounttoastrategictheoryknownas’theindirectapproach’.
GENDEREQUALITY FIRSTLY SECONDLY genderequality
